現代数学の系譜工学物理雑談古典ガロア理論も読む62

[過去ﾛｸﾞ] 現代数学の系譜工学物理雑談古典ガロア理論も読む62 (1002ﾚｽ)
上下前次1-新
通常表示 512ﾊﾞｲﾄ分割ﾚｽ栞
抽出解除ﾚｽ栞

このｽﾚｯﾄﾞは過去ﾛｸﾞ倉庫に格納されています｡
次ｽﾚ検索歴削→次ｽﾚ栞削→次ｽﾚ過去ﾛｸﾞﾒﾆｭｰ

153: 現代数学の系譜 雑談 古典ガロア理論も読む ◆e.a0E5TtKE  [sage] 2019/03/10(日) 11:12:05.10 ID:rk/29Zdt

>>152

つづき

Contents
1 Induction and recursion
2 Examples
3 Other properties
4 Reflexivity

Induction and recursion
On par with induction, well-founded relations also support construction of objects by transfinite recursion. Let (X, R) be a set-like well-founded relation and F a function that assigns an object F(x, g) to each pair of an element x ∈ X and a function g on the initial segment {y: y R x} of X. Then there is a unique function G such that for every x ∈ X,

As an example, consider the well-founded relation (N, S), where N is the set of all natural numbers, and S is the graph of the successor function x → x + 1. Then induction on S is the usual mathematical induction, and recursion on S gives primitive recursion.
If we consider the order relation (N, <), we obtain complete induction, and course-of-values recursion. The statement that (N, <) is well-founded is also known as the well-ordering principle.

There are other interesting special cases of well-founded induction. When the well-founded relation is the usual ordering on the class of all ordinal numbers, the technique is called transfinite induction. When the well-founded set is a set of recursively-defined data structures, the technique is called structural induction.
When the well-founded relation is set membership on the universal class, the technique is known as ∈-induction. See those articles for more details.

つづく

http://rio2016.5ch.net/test/read.cgi/math/1551963737/153

154: 現代数学の系譜 雑談 古典ガロア理論も読む ◆e.a0E5TtKE  [sage] 2019/03/10(日) 11:13:00.87 ID:rk/29Zdt

>>153

つづき

Other properties
If (X, <) is a well-founded relation and x is an element of X, then the descending chains starting at x are all finite, but this does not mean that their lengths are necessarily bounded. Consider the following example: Let X be the union of the positive integers and a new element ω, which is bigger than any integer.
Then X is a well-founded set, but there are descending chains starting at ω of arbitrary great (finite) length; the chain ω, n ? 1, n ? 2, ..., 2, 1 has length n for any n.

The Mostowski collapse lemma implies that set membership is a universal among the extensional well-founded relations: for any set-like well-founded relation R on a class X which is extensional, there exists a class C such that (X,R) is isomorphic to (C,∈).

Reflexivity
A relation R is said to be reflexive if a R a holds for every a in the domain of the relation. Every reflexive relation on a nonempty domain has infinite descending chains, because any constant sequence is a descending chain. For example, in the natural numbers with their usual order >=, we have 1 >= 1 >= 1 >= ・・・.
To avoid these trivial descending sequences, when working with a reflexive relation R it is common to use (perhaps implicitly) the alternate relation R′ defined such that a R′ b if and only if a R b and a ≠ b.
In the context of the natural numbers, this means that the relation <, which is well-founded, is used instead of the relation =<, which is not.
In some texts, the definition of a well-founded relation is changed from the definition above to include this convention.

https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B4%E7%A4%8E%E9%96%A2%E4%BF%82
整礎関係 （多分、上記の和訳（多分ちょっと古い版））

(引用終り)
以上

http://rio2016.5ch.net/test/read.cgi/math/1551963737/154

上下前次1-新書関写板覧索設栞歴

ｽﾚ情報赤ﾚｽ抽出画像ﾚｽ抽出歴の未読ｽﾚ AAｻﾑﾈｲﾙ

ぬこの手ぬこTOP 0.035s