英文を解説するスレ

英文を解説するスレ (779ﾚｽ)
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709: 名無しさん＠英語勉強中 (ﾜｯﾁｮｲ aac3-X9gX) [] 2025/08/11(月) 11:27:38.19 ID:tS83zfP10

荒らしで見辛いので整理します。

実現可能な気候政策に向けて：可能なことを実行に移す
Tackling climate change has never been a simple task. Transforming the planet’s energy system and phasing out fossil fuels—upon which billions depend—was always going to generate resistance. Yet today, the challenge seems especially daunting.

In the United States, efforts to reduce carbon emissions are being rolled back. On July 29, the Environmental Protection Agency announced it would relinquish key regulatory powers over greenhouse gases, continuing a pattern set by President Donald Trump’s administration. Meanwhile, climate science itself faces open hostility. Across the Atlantic, Europe’s response to Russia’s war in Ukraine has led to rising military expenditures, leaving fewer resources for green initiatives. Political opposition to climate policies is resurfacing, with some voters viewing emissions cuts as either too expensive or unfair. In developing nations, resentment grows over green mandates perceived as foreign impositions, often blind to local energy needs. Sensing political backlash, many corporations have gone quiet about their climate efforts, even as some continue them privately.

Despite these political headwinds, technological progress in clean energy is accelerating. Solar, wind, and battery costs continue to drop, making renewables increasingly competitive. More nations are installing green infrastructure, and the private sector is still investing in alternatives to fossil fuels. The technical capacity to decarbonize large parts of the global economy is better than ever.

But the core issue remains political. Many people feel alienated by climate targets, especially the “net zero” commitments that dominate national strategies. Some see themselves as being unfairly burdened—paying higher costs while others emit freely. The perception that China, now the world’s largest emitter, is outpacing Europe and America in emissions only deepens resentment among Western voters.

From a scientific standpoint, the goal of net zero makes sense. Halting global warming requires the total amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere to stop increasing. That can be achieved either by eliminating emissions or by removing as much as is emitted—hence the term “net zero.” Setting hard targets provides clarity and ambition, helping galvanize action.

But making rapid, deep cuts in emissions in the near term often entails economic sacrifices that many societies are not prepared to make. For countries that have yet to see emissions decline at all, achieving net zero would mean severe and abrupt changes—both physically and politically difficult to implement.

http://lavender.5ch.net/test/read.cgi/english/1749468884/709

710: 名無しさん＠英語勉強中 (ﾜｯﾁｮｲ aac3-X9gX) [] 2025/08/11(月) 11:28:31.37 ID:tS83zfP10

When a goal fails to win broad support, it needs rethinking. Simply abandoning climate targets would be counterproductive, disheartening environmental advocates and empowering denialists. A better approach might be to treat these targets as flexible frameworks rather than rigid deadlines. As the 19th-century German statesman Otto von Bismarck once observed, politics is “the art of the possible.” Climate strategy must reflect that realism.

Many governments have turned to subsidies to drive the clean transition. In some cases, this has worked well. Incentives for wind, solar, and batteries have stimulated demand, boosted production, and driven costs lower. These technologies are now mature enough that market forces alone may continue to lower their prices. Even without robust federal climate support, the United States will likely see emissions continue to fall, albeit at a slower pace.

Efforts to make climate action more politically viable should focus on reducing the disruption it causes to everyday life. For example, people should not be pressured to install heat pumps if there are not enough trained technicians. Switching to electric vehicles should be made easier through expanded charging infrastructure and imports of affordable EVs from places like China. Climate adaptation strategies should also reflect public concerns. French populist Marine Le Pen recently resonated with voters by criticizing the inequality of access to air conditioning during heat waves.

http://lavender.5ch.net/test/read.cgi/english/1749468884/710

711: 名無しさん＠英語勉強中 (ﾜｯﾁｮｲ aac3-X9gX) [] 2025/08/11(月) 11:29:43.16 ID:tS83zfP10

In the United States, Trump’s return to the presidency may turn the country into a global outlier. While some clean energy technologies, like advanced geothermal or even fusion, enjoy bipartisan support, Trump’s broader hostility to climate policy will set back progress. As energy demand increases—especially with the rise of AI and its intensive power needs—Americans may face higher prices and stalled investment in renewables. Ambitions to build a competitive American green industry could falter.

Nevertheless, most people still prefer clean air to pollution and a hopeful future over a dangerous one. These basic preferences can form the emotional backbone of climate messaging. Instead of emphasizing abstract targets or distant deadlines, policymakers should tell stories of progress, independence from fossil-fuel price shocks, and shared prosperity. Campaigns framed around tangible improvements tend to resonate better than technocratic pledges.

In that spirit, a politics grounded in the possible—rather than the ideal—can provide a more durable path forward. It allows space for both ambition and compromise. And it offers something desperately needed in today’s climate debate: hope.

http://lavender.5ch.net/test/read.cgi/english/1749468884/711

715: 名無しさん＠英語勉強中 (ﾜｯﾁｮｲ aac3-X9gX) [] 2025/08/11(月) 12:00:31.88 ID:tS83zfP10

http://lavender.5ch.net/test/read.cgi/english/1749468884/715

716: 名無しさん＠英語勉強中 (ﾜｯﾁｮｲ aac3-X9gX) [] 2025/08/11(月) 12:01:10.84 ID:tS83zfP10

http://lavender.5ch.net/test/read.cgi/english/1749468884/716

723: 名無しさん＠英語勉強中 [] 2025/08/12(火) 15:38:13.43

adapt to〜に順応する
carbon pricing炭素の価格設定、炭素の値付け
scale back規模を縮小する
burdensome負担になる
albeit〜ではあるが

These technologies are now mature enough (that) market forces alone may continue to lower their prices.
程度、結果のthat
〜形容詞 enough that〜、〜するほど十分に〜、〜なので〜

研究社英和大辞典enough、結果のthat

The economic situation was serious enough that Finland was obliged to devalue.

経済の状況は深刻だったのでフィンランドは平価切下げを余儀なくされた。

http://lavender.5ch.net/test/read.cgi/english/1749468884/723

729: 名無しさん＠英語勉強中 [] 2025/08/12(火) 18:28:55.02

adapt to〜に順応する
carbon pricing炭素の価格設定、炭素の値付け
scale back規模を縮小する
burdensome負担になる
albeit〜ではあるが

研究社英和大辞典enough、結果のthat

The economic situation was serious enough that Finland was obliged to devalue.

経済の状況は深刻だったのでフィンランドは平価切下げを余儀なくされた。

http://lavender.5ch.net/test/read.cgi/english/1749468884/729

733: 名無しさん＠英語勉強中 [] 2025/08/12(火) 22:51:08.00

adapt to〜に順応する
carbon pricing炭素の価格設定、炭素の値付け
scale back規模を縮小する
burdensome負担になる
albeit〜ではあるが

研究社英和大辞典enough、結果のthat

The economic situation was serious enough that Finland was obliged to devalue.

経済の状況は深刻だったのでフィンランドは平価切下げを余儀なくされた。

http://lavender.5ch.net/test/read.cgi/english/1749468884/733

734: 名無しさん＠英語勉強中 (ﾜｯﾁｮｲ 5ae9-X9gX) [] 2025/08/12(火) 22:51:37.69 ID:YCDJs6A70

次の課題

http://lavender.5ch.net/test/read.cgi/english/1749468884/734

739: 名無しさん＠英語勉強中 [sage] 2025/08/13(水) 13:29:14.66

Some leaders are adapting to this logic. In Canada, Prime Minister Mark Carney—a former central banker—recognizes that taxing carbon is the most efficient way to reduce emissions. Yet because carbon pricing can be unpopular, especially when it directly affects consumers, his government has scaled back its more burdensome elements.
Many governments have turned to subsidies to drive the clean transition. In some cases, this has worked well. Incentives for wind, solar, and batteries have stimulated demand, boosted production, and driven costs lower. These technologies are now mature enough that market forces alone may continue to lower their prices. Even without robust federal climate support, the United States will likely see emissions continue to fall, albeit at a slower pace.
adapt to〜に順応する
carbon pricing炭素の価格設定、炭素の値付け
scale back規模を縮小する
burdensome負担になる
albeit〜ではあるが
These technologies are now mature enough (that) market forces alone may continue to lower their prices.
程度、結果のthat
〜形容詞 enough that〜、〜するほど十分に〜、〜なので〜
研究社英和大辞典enough、結果のthat
The economic situation was serious enough that Finland was obliged to devalue.
経済の状況は深刻だったのでフィンランドは平価切下げを余儀なくされた。

次の課題
Still, subsidies can distort markets and often reduce emissions less efficiently than carbon pricing. Policymakers should eliminate subsidies that encourage fossil fuel consumption, while introducing carbon pricing mechanisms in ways that minimize direct burdens on consumers.
Efforts to make climate action more politically viable should focus on reducing the disruption it causes to everyday life. For example, people should not be pressured to install heat pumps if there are not enough trained technicians. Switching to electric vehicles should be made easier through expanded charging infrastructure and imports of affordable EVs from places like China. Climate adaptation strategies should also reflect public concerns. French populist Marine Le Pen recently resonated with voters by criticizing the inequality of access to air conditioning during heat waves.

http://lavender.5ch.net/test/read.cgi/english/1749468884/739

742: 名無しさん＠英語勉強中 [sage] 2025/08/13(水) 17:05:07.38

http://lavender.5ch.net/test/read.cgi/english/1749468884/742

743: 名無しさん＠英語勉強中 [sage] 2025/08/13(水) 17:05:48.23

http://lavender.5ch.net/test/read.cgi/english/1749468884/743

753: 名無しさん＠英語勉強中 [sage] 2025/08/17(日) 16:14:59.43

http://lavender.5ch.net/test/read.cgi/english/1749468884/753

755: 名無しさん＠英語勉強中 [] 2025/08/18(月) 18:27:46.48

荒らしで見辛いので整理します。

http://lavender.5ch.net/test/read.cgi/english/1749468884/755

756: 名無しさん＠英語勉強中 [] 2025/08/18(月) 18:28:55.06

http://lavender.5ch.net/test/read.cgi/english/1749468884/756

757: 名無しさん＠英語勉強中 [] 2025/08/18(月) 18:29:49.91

http://lavender.5ch.net/test/read.cgi/english/1749468884/757

762: 大家 (ﾜｯﾁｮｲ 73c3-dC/H) [] 2025/08/20(水) 17:47:32.53 ID:/dJtD+QA0

荒らしで見辛いので整理します。

http://lavender.5ch.net/test/read.cgi/english/1749468884/762

763: 大家 (ﾜｯﾁｮｲ 73c3-dC/H) [] 2025/08/20(水) 17:48:42.49 ID:/dJtD+QA0

http://lavender.5ch.net/test/read.cgi/english/1749468884/763

764: 大家 (ﾜｯﾁｮｲ 73c3-dC/H) [] 2025/08/20(水) 17:50:46.88 ID:/dJtD+QA0

http://lavender.5ch.net/test/read.cgi/english/1749468884/764

766: 大家 (ﾜｯﾁｮｲ 73c3-dC/H) [] 2025/08/23(土) 17:46:45.70 ID:q1YoZUPp0

Still, subsidies can distort markets and often reduce emissions less efficiently than carbon pricing. Policymakers should eliminate subsidies that encourage fossil fuel consumption, while introducing carbon pricing mechanisms in ways that minimize direct burdens on consumers.
Efforts to make climate action more politically viable should focus on reducing the disruption it causes to everyday life. For example, people should not be pressured to install heat pumps if there are not enough trained technicians. Switching to electric vehicles should be made easier through expanded charging infrastructure and imports of affordable EVs from places like China. Climate adaptation strategies should also reflect public concerns. French populist Marine Le Pen recently resonated with voters by criticizing the inequality of access to air conditioning during heat waves.
stillそれでも
distort歪める
carbon pricing、カーボンプライシング、炭素価格付け
「カーボンプライシングの主な手法:
炭素税:
化石燃料の使用量やCO2排出量に応じて課税する制度
排出量取引制度:
企業ごとに排出量の上限を設け、上限を超えた排出は他の企業から排出枠を購入する必要がある制度
インターナルカーボンプライシング:
企業が自主的に社内の事業活動におけるCO2排出量に価格を設定し、投資判断などに活用する制度」
while introducing分詞構文付帯状況
minimize最小限にする
efforts to do sometning〜する努力、不定詞形容詞的用法
climate action気候変動対策
make OC= make climate action more politically viable
viable実現可能な
気候変動対策をもっと政治的に実現可能にする(努力)
disruption混乱
it=climate action

http://lavender.5ch.net/test/read.cgi/english/1749468884/766

773: 大家 (ﾜｯﾁｮｲ 3fbf-RZ1l) [] 2025/09/15(月) 06:45:07.95 ID:T39nVriT0

Burnt Fingers: What if the $3 Trillion AI Investment Surge Turns Sour?
An Investment Boom of Historic Scale

Artificial intelligence has already become the focus of one of the largest investment waves in modern times. In 2025, major American technology firms are expected to allocate close to $400 billion to the infrastructure required for running advanced AI systems. Leading developers such as OpenAI and Anthropic continue to raise capital at breakneck speed, with their combined valuations nearing $500 billion. Analysts now forecast that, by 2028, global spending on data-center construction will surpass $3 trillion.

The amounts involved are so enormous that the obvious question arises: what happens when the bill comes due? Even if AI ultimately delivers on its potential, many investors will not see their money back. And if the technology underperforms, the fallout could be sharp and painful.

The Logic of the Race

Investors have always chased promising innovations, but the rush into AI is even more intense than many past bubbles. Optimists claim that artificial general intelligence (AGI)—systems outperforming humans across most intellectual tasks—could be only a few years away. The firm that reaches that goal first might capture rewards beyond imagination. At the same time, few investors believe they know which company or model will prevail. To move too cautiously risks being irrelevant altogether.

That logic has fueled an all-out arms race. Technology giants are pouring money into computing capacity for ever-larger models. Ancillary industries—from real estate developers to electricity suppliers—are being pulled in as well. Oracle, for example, recently reported bold expectations for its AI-related cloud division, sending its stock surging and briefly lifting its founder Larry Ellison to the top of the global wealth rankings.

http://lavender.5ch.net/test/read.cgi/english/1749468884/773

774: 大家 (ﾜｯﾁｮｲ 3fbf-RZ1l) [] 2025/09/15(月) 06:45:52.19 ID:T39nVriT0

The Inevitable Losses

Regardless of the outcome, heavy losses are unavoidable. In the most optimistic scenario, AGI might arrive and trigger extraordinary global growth, perhaps on the order of 20% a year. Some shareholders would reap staggering profits, but many others would not.

More realistic outcomes suggest disappointment. Technologies often develop in unexpected ways. In the late 19th century, America’s electricity industry moved decisively to alternating current, leaving direct-current firms stranded. Today’s investors assume that success depends on building the largest models. Yet, early adopters are increasingly turning to smaller systems, hinting that computing intensity might not be the decisive factor.

Alternatively, adoption could proceed more slowly than projected. Technical shortcomings, difficulties in rapidly expanding electricity supply, or corporate inertia might slow things down. If earnings expectations are revised downward, financiers may pull back. The funding stream could shrink, and many start-ups might collapse under mounting losses.

If the Boom Stalls

A slowdown would expose the fragility of much of today’s expenditure. After Britain’s railway mania in the 19th century, its tunnels and tracks still served passengers for generations. The fiber-optic networks laid during the dot-com era continue to transmit data today. By contrast, the AI surge may leave behind far less lasting value. The shells of data centers and expanded power capacity could be repurposed, but most spending has gone into servers and specialized chips, which quickly become outdated.

http://lavender.5ch.net/test/read.cgi/english/1749468884/774

775: 大家 (ﾜｯﾁｮｲ 3fbf-RZ1l) [] 2025/09/15(月) 06:46:26.48 ID:T39nVriT0

Fortunately, the financial system is sturdier than in earlier busts. Previous technology crashes triggered banking crises, but today’s data-center boom has largely been financed by the profits of the tech giants themselves. Firms such as Meta are issuing debt to help fund new investments, but their existing cash flow and balance sheets remain strong. Private-market lenders—drawing funds from wealthy individuals and institutions—are eager to provide financing. Venture capital and sovereign-wealth funds, rather than small depositors, bear the risks tied to start-ups.

Hidden Fragilities

Still, vulnerabilities could emerge. As the wave spreads, financing structures may become riskier and weaker firms could be drawn in. Utilities, for instance, are racing to expand electricity supply for AI; a highly leveraged power company could easily overextend itself.

America’s wider economy is also at stake. One estimate suggests that AI investment alone accounted for roughly 40% of U.S. GDP growth in the past year, a striking figure for a sector that contributes only a few percent of output. If projects are cut back or abandoned, the knock-on effects—fewer data centers built and fewer jobs created—would be severe.

Market Consequences and Wealth Effects

Stock-market declines would magnify the damage. Because valuations of AI-linked companies have soared, investors’ portfolios are now heavily concentrated in a small set of technology giants. Households also hold more equities than they did in 2000. A downturn would erode confidence and consumer spending. The poorest households would feel little direct effect, as they own few stocks, but affluent families—whose spending has propped up U.S. consumption—would rein in outlays. Combined with tariffs and elevated interest rates, the loss of this support would sap the economy’s strength.

The Larger Lesson

The bigger the boom, the bigger the risks when momentum falters. If AI ultimately delivers on the extravagant promises made for it, the world will enter a new economic chapter. Yet the story of the feverish pursuit of that dream—whether triumphant or tragic—will itself become part of history.

http://lavender.5ch.net/test/read.cgi/english/1749468884/775

778: 名無しさん＠英語勉強中 [] 2025/09/19(金) 20:10:47.92

インド独自のAIリーダーシップへの道

Artificial intelligence is spreading rapidly across India, but the country’s trajectory will not resemble that of the United States or China. Even so, it could emerge as a major force in the global AI landscape.

India has quickly become one of the largest markets for leading AI firms. OpenAI counts the country as its second-biggest user base, with ChatGPT enjoying hundreds of millions of active users worldwide. Anthropic, another startup, reports a similar pattern. This is partly due to India’s massive population, but it also reflects a striking eagerness to adopt digital tools. A survey by Boston Consulting Group found that more than nine in ten Indian office workers regularly rely on AI systems, compared with under two-thirds in the U.S. Public opinion, too, tends to be more optimistic: most Indians see AI’s advantages as outweighing its potential dangers.

That enthusiasm has been reinforced by aggressive pricing from foreign tech firms. OpenAI’s subscription plans in India cost only a fraction of what Americans pay. Elon Musk’s company xAI offers Grok at even steeper discounts, while Perplexity has provided free access for a year to hundreds of millions of Airtel subscribers. Such tactics have fueled explosive growth in usage.

But this surge comes with unease. Youth unemployment remains stubbornly high at about 16%, and the manufacturing sector has not created the jobs many had hoped for. Automation has already displaced some roles, and AI threatens to intensify the problem. White-collar employment faces strain as well: Tata Consultancy Services, the country’s largest IT services company, recently announced a major workforce reduction to adapt to new technologies. Analysts expect other firms to follow.

http://lavender.5ch.net/test/read.cgi/english/1749468884/778

779: 名無しさん＠英語勉強中 [] 2025/09/19(金) 20:11:05.73

Another concern is overreliance on foreign suppliers. Policymakers fear that India could become dependent on AI technologies developed abroad. To counter this, the government has backed Sarvam AI, a local firm, to build the country’s first indigenous foundational model.

Despite these risks, the opportunities are immense. India has already demonstrated how openness to foreign platforms can pay off. Its national payments network, handling hundreds of millions of daily transactions, is testing AI to improve fraud detection. More transformative applications are on the horizon: digital assistants could help bridge shortages of teachers and doctors, improving access to education and health care.

Although India does not produce cutting-edge models or advanced chips, it has strengths that play to its advantage. With one of the largest developer communities on GitHub and a vibrant domestic market, Indian firms are well positioned to design practical and affordable AI services. The mix of global competition and local innovation provides a fertile ground for experimentation.

Indian consumers are also shaping global AI design. Voice commands, for example, dominate usage in India, reflecting linguistic diversity and literacy challenges. Local companies excel at creating tools that serve varied users, skills that could prove influential worldwide.

India has already shown how scalable digital systems can become global templates. Its “India Stack,” a national digital identity and payments infrastructure, has inspired other countries. AI-driven products developed in India could represent the next wave of low-cost, adaptable innovations exported to the wider developing world.

India’s path will differ from that of established superpowers, but its impact could be just as significant. For billions in poorer countries, the way AI evolves may depend less on Washington or Beijing than on choices made in New Delhi.

http://lavender.5ch.net/test/read.cgi/english/1749468884/779

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